Epithelial Innate Immunity

Abstract

The gut epithelium is an essential interface in insects that transmit parasites. We investigated the role that local innate immunity might have on vector competence, taking <i>Stomoxys calcitrans</i> as a model. <i>S. calcitrans</i> is sympatric with tsetse flies, feeds on many of the same vertebrate hosts, and is thus regularly exposed to the trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness and nagana. Despite this, <i>S. calcitrans</i> is not a cyclical vector of these trypanosomes. Trypanosomes develop exclusively in the lumen of digestive organs, and so epithelial immune mechanisms, and in particular antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), may be the prime determinants of the fate of an infection. To investigate why <i>S. calcitrans</i> is not a cyclical vector of trypanosomes, we have looked in its midgut for AMPs with trypanolytic activity. We have identified a new AMP of 42 amino acids, which we named stomoxyn, constitutively expressed and secreted exclusively in the anterior midgut of <i>S. calcitrans</i>. It displays an amphipathic helical structure and exhibits a broad activity spectrum affecting the growth of microorganisms. Interestingly, this AMP exhibits trypanolytic activity to <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</i>. We argue that stomoxyn may help to explain why <i>S. calcitrans</i> is not a vector of trypanosomes causing African sleeping sickness and nagana.