Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization

TLDR

Capacitive Deionization uses porous carbon electrodes to efficiently remove salt ions from brackish water by applying a voltage that temporarily immobilizes ions, with the electrodes optimized for high salt storage and ion/electron transport. The paper reviews CDI science and technology, outlining electrode material options and testing approaches. The review summarizes CDI design options, operational modes, and theoretical concepts explaining the phenomenon.

Abstract

Porous carbon electrodes have significant potential for energy-efficient water desalination using a promising technology called Capacitive Deionization (CDI). In CDI, salt ions are removed from brackish water upon applying an electrical voltage difference between two porous electrodes, in which the ions will be temporarily immobilized. These electrodes are made of porous carbons optimized for salt storage capacity and ion and electron transport. We review the science and technology of CDI and describe the range of possible electrode materials and the various approaches to the testing of materials and devices. We summarize the range of options for CDI-designs and possible operational modes, and describe the various theoretical–conceptual approaches to understand the phenomenon of CDI.