Influence of molecular symmetry on strong-field ionization: Studies on ethylene, benzene, fluorobenzene, and chlorofluorobenzene

Abstract

Using the molecular strong-field approximation we consider the effects of molecular symmetry on the ionization of molecules by a strong, linearly polarized laser pulse. Electron angular distributions and total ionization yields are calculated as a function of the relative orientation between the molecule and the laser polarization. Our studies focus on ethylene $({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})$, benzene $({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{6})$, fluorobenzene $({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{F})$, and ortho chlorofluorobenzene $(1,2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{ClF})$, the molecules representing four different point groups. The results are compared with experiments, when available, and with the molecular tunneling theory appropriately extended to nonlinear polyatomic molecules. Our investigations show that the orientational dependence of ionization yields is primarily determined by the nodal surface structure of the molecular orbitals.