Substrate-Directable Electron Transfer Reactions. Dramatic Rate Enhancement in the Chemoselective Reduction of Cyclic Esters Using SmI₂–H₂O: Mechanism, Scope, and Synthetic Utility

Abstract

Substrate-directable reactions play a pivotal role in organic synthesis, but are uncommon in reactions proceeding via radical mechanisms. Herein, we provide experimental evidence showing dramatic rate acceleration in the Sm(II)-mediated reduction of cyclic esters that is enabled by transient chelation between a directing group and the lanthanide center. This process allows unprecedented chemoselectivity in the reduction of cyclic esters using SmI2-H2O and for the first time proceeds with a broad substrate scope. Initial studies on the origin of selectivity and synthetic application to form carbon-carbon bonds are also disclosed.