Determining Levels of Fecal Incontinence in the Community: A New Zealand Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Fecal incontinence is a socially stigmatized condition, and its prevalence in the community has been problematic to quantify because of difficulty with its definition. OBJECTIVE: This study estimates the community prevalence of fecal incontinence in New Zealand by 3 scales of measurement: patient perceptions of a "problem with bowel control," their symptoms, and their quality of life. DESIGN/MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A postal survey of 2000 people, aged >18, randomly selected from the national electoral roll, was performed. This used a validated, reliability-tested, anonymous questionnaire, the Comprehensive Fecal Incontinence Questionnaire, incorporating the identification of a "problem with bowel control," the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, and the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. RESULTS: The response rate was 68.7%. A total of 14.7% (95% CI: 12.6-16.7) of participants "felt they had a problem with bowel control" and 12.4% (95% CI: 10.5-14.5) had fecal incontinence when defined using the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index table as "leakage of liquid or solid stool ≥ 1/month." In terms of quality of life, 26.8% of the population (95% CI: 24.2-29.4) noted some impairment on the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. In total, 155 (13.2%) participants reported at least 2 of the 3 possible diagnostic measures, and this may provide a way to incorporate the 3 measures into a new definition of fecal incontinence. LIMITATIONS: This study incorporated a new "generic" question enquiring about an individual's perception of a bowel control problem and also introduced a "cutoff" value for Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale to attempt to identify those with any impairment "due to accidental bowel leakage." CONCLUSIONS: This study helps to highlight some of the challenges involved with suitably identifying those who have fecal incontinence within the community. The prevalence rate of 13.2% represents a realistic measure of the burden of fecal incontinence in the general population, and further research in this area is recommended.