Kinetics and Mechanism of the Pyridinolysis of Aryl Ethyl Chlorothiophosphates in Acetonitrile

Abstract

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-aryl ethyl chlorothiophosphates with X-pyridines are studied kinetically in acetonitrile at <TEX>$55.0^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The Hammett and Bronsted plots for substituent X variations in the nucleophiles exhibit biphasic concave upwards with a break point at X = 3-Me. The substituents of X = 4-CN and 4-Ac show great positive deviations from both the Hammett and Bronsted plots. The Hammett plots for substituent Y variations in the substrates exhibit biphasic concave upwards with a minimum point at Y = H. The obtained values of the cross-interaction constants (<TEX>${\rho}_{XY}$</TEX>) are all in spite of the biphasic free energy correlations for both substituent X and Y variations, since the <TEX>${\rho}_X$</TEX>values with both the strongly and weakly basic pyridines are almost constant. A stepwise mechanism with a rate-limiting leaving group departure from the intermediate is proposed where the distance between X and Y does not vary from the intermediate to the second transition state. A frontside attack is proposed with the strongly basic pyridines based on the considerably great magnitudes of <TEX>${\rho}_X$</TEX> and <TEX>${\beta}_X$</TEX> values and a backside attack is proposed with the weakly basic pyridines based on the relatively small magnitudes of <TEX>${\rho}_X$</TEX> and <TEX>${\beta}_X$</TEX>. The positive deviations of the two strong <TEX>${\pi}$</TEX>-acceptor parasubstituents, X = 4-Ac and 4-CN, from both the Hammett and Bronsted plots are rationalized by the great extents of bond formation and breaking.