Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Ectopically Located Kidneys and in Patients with Musculoskeletal Deformities

Abstract

PNL is a feasible and effective modality in anomalous kidneys. Preoperative planning with CT and image-guided PCN is helpful in these situations. Laparoscopic-assisted PNL can be safely performed in patients where access to a renal collecting system by fluoroscopy or image-guided assistance (ultrasound or CT scan) is not possible.