Governing equations and finite element models for multiaxial piezoelectric beam sensors/actuators

Abstract

Governing equations and finite element models for multiaxially active laminated piezoelectric beam sensor/ actuator elements capable of simultaneously sensing/actuating all four components (axial extension, biaxial bendings, and tonional twisting) of beam deformation are presented and used in special sensor/actuator pair designs as well as fiinite element analysis for transient responses of adaptive frame structures partially composed of these active beam elements