Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Utilizing Hydrated Reverse Micelles in CO₂

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were produced by the controlled hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) in the presence of reverse micelles formed in CO2 with the surfactants ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether (PFPECOO-+NH4) (Mw = 587) and poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate-block-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-b-PFOMA). Based on dynamic light scattering measurements, the amorphous TiO2 particles formed by injection of TTIP are larger than the reverse micelles, indicating surfactant reorganization. The size of the particles and the stability of dispersions in CO2 were affected by the molar ratio of water to surfactant headgroup (w(o)), precursor concentration, and injection rate. The amorphous particle size did not change upon depressurization and redispersion in CO2. PDMAEMA-b-PFOMA provided greater stability against particle aggregation at higher reactant concentration compared with PFPECOO-+NH4. The crystallite size after calcination, which was examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, increased with w(o).