Precipitation of particles at low and middle latitudes

Abstract

The phenomenology and aeronomic effects of charged particle precipitation at middle and low latitudes are reviewed. This paper includes discussions of the behavior of quasi‐trapped electrons observed at middle and low latitudes, discussions of the precipitation of protons from the ring current into the low‐latitude atmosphere, and a summary of the effects of the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly on charged particles trapped at low altitudes. A brief summary and review of controversial observations of charged particle fluxes at low altitudes is also included.