Young mafic back arc volcanic rocks as indicators of continental lithospheric delamination beneath the Argentine Puna Plateau, central Andes

TLDR

Backarc lavas in the southern Puna vary in trace elements and isotopes, reflecting differences in continental lithospheric thickness and mantle wedge temperature. The lavas erupted from fault‑related cones and fissures and are grouped into three geochemical types that correlate with lithospheric thickness, while delamination of continental lithosphere at 2–3 Ma allowed asthenosphere to intrude, heating the slab, producing intraplate mafic magmas, forming a seismic gap, and causing crustal melt mixing. Mixing models indicate the lavas contain 20–25 % crustal melt, and the intraplate mafic eruptions, stress reorientation, and high elevation are attributed to late Pliocene.

Abstract

The spatial distribution of some major and trace element and isotopic characteristics of backarc Plio‐Quaternary basaltic to high‐Mg andesitic (51% to 58% SiO 2 ) lavas in the southern Puna (24°S to 27°S) of the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (CVZ) reflect varying continental lithospheric thickness and the thermal state of the underlying mantle wedge and subducting plate. These lavas erupted from small cones and fissures associated with faults related to a change in the regional stress system in the southern Puna at ≈ 2 to 3 Ma. Three geochemical groups are recognized: (1) a relatively high volume intraplate group (high K; La/Ta ratio <25) that occurs over a thin continental lithosphere above a gap in the modern seismic zone and represents the highest percentage of mantle partial melt, (2) an intermediate volume, high‐K calc‐alkaline group ( La/Ta ratio >25) that occurs over intermediate thickness lithosphere on the margins of the seismic gap and behind the main CVZ and represents an intermediate percentage of mantle partial melt, and (3) a small‐volume shoshonitic group (very high K) that occurs over relatively thick continental lithosphere in the northeast Puna and Altiplano and represents a very small percentage of mantle partial melt. Mantle‐generated characteristics of these lavas are partially overprinted by mixing with melts of the overlying thickened crust as shown by the presence of quartz and feldspar xenocrysts, negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu < 0.90; most < 0.80), and radiogenic Sr (> 0.7055) and Pb and nonradiogenic Nd ( ε Nd < −0.4) isotopic ratios. Mixing calculations show that the lavas generally contain more than 20% to 25% crustal melt. The eruption of the intraplate group mafic lavas, the change in regional stress orientation, and the high elevation of the southern Puna are suggested to be the result of the late Pliocene mechanical delamination of a block (or blocks) of continental lithosphere (mantle and possibly lowermost crust). The loss of this lithosphere resulted in an influx of asthenosphere that caused heating of the subducting slab and yielded intraplate basic magmas that produced extensive melting at the base of the thickened crust. Heating of the subducting slab led to formation of the seismic gap and trenchward depletion of the slab component. Backarc calc‐alkaline group lavas erupted on the margins of this delaminated block, whereas shoshonitic group lavas erupted over a zone of relatively thick nondelaminated lithosphere to the north.