The Effect of Folic Acid Fortification on Plasma Folate and Total Homocysteine Concentrations

TLDR

In 1996 the FDA mandated folic acid fortification of enriched grain products to lower the risk of neural‑tube defects in newborns. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of this fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. Using the Framingham Offspring Study, researchers compared baseline and follow‑up measurements from 350 post‑fortification participants with 756 pre‑fortification controls, measuring plasma folate and homocysteine levels. Fortification was associated with a marked rise in folate (from 4.6 to 10.0 ng/mL) and a decline in homocysteine (from 10.1 to 9.4 µmol/L), with low‑folate and high‑homocysteine prevalences dropping from 22.0 % to 1.7 % and 18.7 % to 9.8 %, respectively, while the control group showed no significant changes.

Abstract

In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration issued a regulation requiring all enriched grain products to be fortified with folic acid to reduce the risk of neural-tube defects in newborns. Fortification (140 microg per 100 g) began in 1996, and the process was essentially complete by mid-1997.To assess the effect of folic acid fortification on folate status, we measured plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations (a sensitive marker of folate status) using blood samples from the fifth examination (January 1991 to December 1994) of the Framingham Offspring Study cohort for baseline values and the sixth examination (January 1995 to August 1998) for follow-up values. We divided the cohort into two groups on the basis of the date of their follow-up examination: the study group consisted of 350 subjects who were seen after fortification (September 1997 to March 1998), and the control group consisted of 756 subjects who were seen before fortification (January 1995 to September 1996).Among the subjects in the study group who did not use vitamin supplements, the mean folate concentrations increased from 4.6 to 10.0 ng per milliliter (11 to 23 nmol per liter) (P<0.001) from the baseline visit to the follow-up visit, and the prevalence of low folate concentrations (<3 ng per milliliter [7 nmol per liter]) decreased from 22.0 to 1.7 percent (P< 0.001). The mean total homocysteine concentration decreased from 10.1 to 9.4 micromol per liter during this period (P<0.001), and the prevalence of high homocysteine concentrations (>13 micromol per liter) decreased from 18.7 to 9.8 percent (P<0.001). In the control group, there were no statistically significant changes in concentrations of folate or homocysteine.The fortification of enriched grain products with folic acid was associated with a substantial improvement in folate status in a population of middle-aged and older adults.