Exchange Patterns in the Informal Support Networks of the Elderly: The Impact of Reciprocity on Morale

Abstract

Patterns of exchange of assistance within the informal helping networks of the elderly are examined through analysis of interviews with a probability sample of 753 noninstitutionalized older persons. Most elders are involved in some type of exchange, although the proportion reporting no exchange increases as one moves from children to other relatives to friends or neighbors. Older persons who receive help usually reciprocate in some way, with the prevalence of unreciprocated assistance higher in relationships with family members than with friends or neighbors. Multiple discriminant analysis of exchange patterns produced two significant functions, the first differentiating receivers from nonreceivers and the second providers from nonproviders of help. Consistent with an exchange theory perspective, the analyses suggested that the inability to reciprocate rather than the need for assistance had a greater negative effect on morale. The data also showed a negative relationship between scope offormal service use and reliance on the informal network, a result consistent with both a possible substitution effect and/or appropriate targeting of formal services.