At 6–9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns

TLDR

Infants first acquire phonetic features, with word comprehension typically developing later, around 9–15 months. This study demonstrates that infants already know the meanings of several common words from 6 months onward, challenging the prevailing developmental sequence. The authors presented 6‑ to 9‑month‑old infants with picture sets while parents named a picture in each set. Infants aged 6–9 months consistently directed their gaze to the named pictures, indicating word comprehension without laboratory training and showing that ordinary words are learned through everyday language exposure, suggesting vocabulary and phonetic learning occur together.

Abstract

It is widely accepted that infants begin learning their native language not by learning words, but by discovering features of the speech signal: consonants, vowels, and combinations of these sounds. Learning to understand words, as opposed to just perceiving their sounds, is said to come later, between 9 and 15 mo of age, when infants develop a capacity for interpreting others’ goals and intentions. Here, we demonstrate that this consensus about the developmental sequence of human language learning is flawed: in fact, infants already know the meanings of several common words from the age of 6 mo onward. We presented 6- to 9-mo-old infants with sets of pictures to view while their parent named a picture in each set. Over this entire age range, infants directed their gaze to the named pictures, indicating their understanding of spoken words. Because the words were not trained in the laboratory, the results show that even young infants learn ordinary words through daily experience with language. This surprising accomplishment indicates that, contrary to prevailing beliefs, either infants can already grasp the referential intentions of adults at 6 mo or infants can learn words before this ability emerges. The precocious discovery of word meanings suggests a perspective in which learning vocabulary and learning the sound structure of spoken language go hand in hand as language acquisition begins.