The Retrograde Limb of the Internal Mammary Vein: An Additional Outflow Option in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction

Abstract

The retrograde limb of the internal mammary vein is an option as a recipient vein in DIEP breast reconstruction. This outflow option may prove useful in cases with intraoperative congestion in a single vein flap, in cases with co-dominant superficial and deep venous systems, and in cases in which double-pedicle free flaps are used for unilateral breast reconstruction.