Characterization of the Tandem GAF Domain of Human Phosphodiesterase 5 Using a Cyanobacterial Adenylyl Cyclase as a Reporter Enzyme

Abstract

We analyzed cGMP signaling by the human phosphodiesterase 5 (hPDE5) tandem GAF domain based on a functional activation assay. The C-terminal catalytic domain of the cyanobacterial adenylyl cyclase (AC) cyaB1 was used as a reporter enzyme. We demonstrate functional coupling between the hPDE5 GAF ensemble and the AC resulting in a chimera stimulated 10-fold by cGMP. The hPDE5 GAF domain has an inhibitory effect on AC activity, which is released upon cGMP activation. Removal of 109 amino acids from the N terminus resulted in partial disengagement of the GAF domain and AC, i.e. in a 10-fold increase in basal activity, and affected cGMP affinity. The Ser-102 phosphorylation site of hPDE5 increased cGMP affinity, as shown by a 5-fold lower K(D) for cGMP in a S102D mutant, which mimicked complete modification. The function of the NKFDE motif, which is a signature of all GAF domains with known cyclic nucleotide binding capacity, was elucidated by targeted mutations. Data with either single and double mutants in either GAF A or GAF B or a quadruple mutant affecting both subdomains simultaneously indicated that it is impossible to functionally assign cGMP binding and intramolecular signaling to either GAF A or B of hPDE5. Both subdomains are structurally and functionally interdependent and act in concert in regulating cycaB1 AC and, most likely, also hPDE5.