Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots

Abstract

SC administration of LEBT provided analgesia and detectable serum butorphanol concentrations in Hispaniolan parrots for up to 5 days. The use of LEBT may allow for substantial improvement in long-term pain relief without subjecting birds to the stress of handling and multiple daily injections.