Anatomy of Spatial Attention: Insights from Perfusion Imaging and Hemispatial Neglect in Acute Stroke

TLDR

The locus of lesions causing left hemispatial neglect after stroke has been debated, with some studies implicating right angular lesions and others right superior temporal lesions. This study tests whether neglect arises from cortical dysfunction beyond the structural lesion or from distinct forms of neglect with separate neural correlates. Fifty patients with acute right subcortical infarcts were evaluated within 48 h using hemispatial neglect tests and diffusion‑ and perfusion‑weighted MRI. Allocentric neglect correlated with hypoperfusion of the right superior temporal gyrus, egocentric neglect with hypoperfusion of the right angular gyrus, and patients lacking cortical hypoperfusion showed no neglect, demonstrating that hypoperfused but structurally intact tissue can cause neglect and that different neglect types map to distinct cortical sites, thereby reconciling prior conflicting findings.

Abstract

The site of lesion responsible for left hemispatial neglect after stroke has been intensely debated recently. Some studies provide evidence that right angular lesions are most likely to cause left neglect, whereas others indicate that right superior temporal lesions are most likely to cause neglect. We examine two potential accounts of the conflicting results: (1) neglect could result from cortical dysfunction beyond the structural lesion in some studies; and (2) different forms of neglect with separate neural correlates have been included in different proportions in separate studies. To evaluate these proposals, we studied 50 patients with acute right subcortical infarcts using tests of hemispatial neglect and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted imaging performed within 48 h of onset of symptoms. Left “allocentric” neglect (errors on the left sides of individual stimuli, regardless of location with respect to the viewer) was most strongly associated with hypoperfusion of right superior temporal gyrus (Fisher's exact test; p < 0.0001), whereas left “egocentric” neglect (errors on the left of the viewer) was most strongly associated with hypoperfusion of the right angular gyrus ( p < 0.0001). Patients without cortical hypoperfusion showed no hemispatial neglect. Because the patients did not have cortical infarcts, our data show that neglect can be caused by hypoperfused dysfunctional tissue not detectable by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, different forms of neglect were associated with different sites of cortical hypoperfusion. Results help explain conflicting results in the literature and contribute to the understanding of spatial attention and representation in the human brain.