Cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation on three‐dimensional pillar surfaces

Abstract

We hypothesized that when compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, substrates containing 3D micropillars would allow cells to grow at levels, activating their cytoskeleton to promote osteogenesis. Fibroblasts, osteoblast-like cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were studied. Planar substrates were compared with 200-nm-, 5-μm-, and 20-μm-high pillars of Ormocomp®, Si, diamond-like carbon, or TiO(2). Scanning electron microscopy and staining of actin cytoskeleton showed 7.5-h adhesion to pillar edges and 5-day stretching between adhesion contacts > 100-μm distances of fibroblast and MSC in 3D networks, whereas SaOS-2 cells adhered flatly and individually on horizontal and vertical surfaces. ERK and ROCK immunostaining at 14 and 21 days confirmed activation of the cytoskeleton. In contrast to expectations, success to induce osteogenesis was dominated by the cytocompatibility of the substrate over the 3D structure. This was shown using early alkaline phosphatase, intermediate osteopontin, and late mineralization markers, together with bone nodule formation, which were seen in planar substrates and low-profile TiO(2) pillars, but were poor in the 20-μm landscape. The lack of intercellular contacts seems to halt the osteogenesis-promoting effects of cytoskeletal organization and tension described earlier.