Susceptibility of the Pancreas to Ischemic Injury in Shock

TLDR

The pancreas is highly susceptible to ischemic necrosis, which can present as prolonged hyperamylasemia with minimal symptoms or progress to severe pancreatitis, abscesses, and death. In 13 shock patients, pancreatic injury was identified by hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, an elevated amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, and increased pancreatic‑specific isoamylases. Autopsies revealed major pancreatic injury in 9 % of oligemic shock patients without acute renal tubular necrosis and 50 % with ATN, while in non‑oligemic shock it occurred in 12 % without ATN and 35 % with ATN; clinically, 4 of 13 patients developed pancreatitis, indicating shock‑induced ischemia as a key driver of pancreatitis progression.

Abstract

The pancreas, like the kidney, is highly vulnerable to ischemic necrosis. This form of pancreatic injury may express itself as prolonged hyperamylasemia with only minimal signs or symptoms of inflammation, or may produce severe pancreatitis followed by abscesses and death. Autopsy examination of patients dying after oligemic shock showed a 9% incidence of major pancreatic injury if there was not concomitant acute renal tubular necrosis (ATN), but a 50% incidence in those with ATN. Similarly, among patients dying after non-oligemic shock, 12% of those without ATN had major pancreatic injury but 35% with ATN also had pancreatic ischemic injury. Among 13 selected patients examined prospectively after being in shock, pancreatic injury was indicated by hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, elevated amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, and elevated circulating isoamylases specifically of pancreatic origin. Four of the 13 had clinical manifestations of pancreatitis. Not only must shock be added to this list of causes of pancreatitis, but pancreatic ischemia due to hypoperfusion may also be the critical factor which causes the progression from edema to necrosis in other forms of pancreatitis, including those associated with alcohol and biliary disease.