Josephson voltage standards

Abstract

This paper reviews the present state of modern Josephson voltage standards. The presentation focuses on conventional dc standards based on underdamped superconductor–insulator–superconductor junctions and programmable standards based on overdamped superconductor–insulator–normal conductor–insulator–superconductor junctions. The current developments of ac standards on the basis of pulse-driven arrays and single flux quantum-based voltage multipliers are briefly summarized.