Adsorption Deformation and Structural Transitions in Metal–Organic Frameworks: From the Unit Cell to the Crystal

Abstract

Much attention has recently been focused on soft porous crystals, a fascinating subclass of metal–organic frameworks that behave in a remarkable stimuli-responsive fashion, presenting structural changes of large amplitude in response to guest adsorption, mechanical pressure, or variations in temperature. In this Perspective, we summarize the recently developed thermodynamic and mechanical theoretical models for the understanding of these materials, based on the concepts of adsorption stress and osmotic thermodynamic ensemble. We show how these models provide a coherent picture of adsorption-induced deformation and structural transitions in flexible metal–organic frameworks, all the way from the length scale of the unit cell to that of the full crystal. In particular, we highlight the new perspectives opened by these models, as well as some of the important open questions in the field.