The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample

TLDR

The PRMQ was developed to provide a self‑report measure of prospective and retrospective memory slips in everyday life. The PRMQ contains sixteen items (eight prospective, eight retrospective) and was administered to 551 adults; ten latent structure models were tested via confirmatory factor analysis, yielding a tripartite structure and resulting in conversion tables for raw scores to T scores and for assessing reliability and abnormality of scale differences. The best‑fitting model was tripartite, comprising a general memory factor and orthogonal prospective and retrospective factors, with acceptable reliabilities (α = 0.89, 0.84, 0.80) and no age or gender effects on scores.

Abstract

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith, Della Sala, Logie, & Maylor, 2000) was developed to provide a self-report measure of prospective and retrospective memory slips in everyday life. It consists of sixteen items, eight asking about prospective memory failures, and eight concerning retrospective failures. The PRMQ was administered to a sample of the general adult population (N = 551) ranging in age between 17 and 94. Ten competing models of the latent structure of the PRMQ were derived from theoretical and empirical sources and were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The model with the best fit had a tripartite structure and consisted of a general memory factor (all items loaded on this factor) plus orthogonal specific factors of prospective and retrospective memory. The reliabilities (internal consistency) of the Total scale and the Prospective and Retrospective scales were acceptable: Cronbach's alpha was 0.89, 0.84, and 0.80, respectively. Age and gender did not influence PRMQ scores, thereby simplifying the presentation and interpretation of normative data. To ease interpretation of scores on the PRMQ, tables are presented for conversion of raw scores on the Total scale and Prospective and Retrospective scales to T scores (confidence limits on scores are also provided). In addition, tables are provided to allow users to assess the reliability and abnormality of differences between an individual's scores on the Prospective and Retrospective scales.