Ontogeny of Bird Song

TLDR

Bird song development is constrained by vocal system anatomy, respiratory demands, and nervous system properties, and studies must control only a few variables. The innervation, musculature, membranes, and resonators of the vocal system impose limits on song production, requiring integration with respiratory priorities.

Abstract

Fernando Nottebohm locomotion or feeding. Consequently, a study of vocal development involves control over only a small number of variables. This does not mean that the operation of the vocal system is free from constraints. The characteristics of its innervation (7), musculature (8), membranes and resonators (9) impose a limit on what can be done, and its functioning must incorporate the prior' ity of respiratory needs. Also, vocal patterns may be programmed by properties of the nervous system.