The Frequency of Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Anxiety, Depression, and Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

Substantial numbers of patients with anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder are cognitively impaired. A score that is 2 standard deviations below the mean is usually clinically important, and 2 domain scores in that range is cause for serious concern. The importance of this finding is discussed, with respect to clinical trials, in terms of establishing a homogeneous trial population and minimizing the placebo response rate.