Endoscopic forehead lift

Abstract

Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation offers the advantages of greater patient acceptance and lower complication rates. The author describes technical modifications that make the endoscopic approach effective in a wide range of patients. Particular attention is paid to the problem of asymmetry. When the preoperative difference in eyebrow height exceeds 6 mm, it is a matter not only of eyebrow asymmetry but also, and more importantly, of forehead asymmetry. Surgical and fixation techniques are discussed for correction of the asymmetric forehead, glabellar frown lines, transverse furrows, and radix folds.