Up‐regulation of heme oxygenase‐1 expression through the Rac1/NADPH oxidase/ROS/p38 signaling cascade mediates the anti‐inflammatory effect of 15‐deoxy‐Δ^12,14‐prostaglandin J₂ in murine macrophages

Abstract

We investigated the signaling pathway that leads to the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in murine macrophages in response to 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2). 15dPGJ2 caused dose- and time-dependent activation of Rac1, followed by a transient increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NADPH oxidase, which leads to downstream activation of p38 kinase. Inhibition of 15dPGJ2-dependent HO-1 expression significantly attenuated suppression by 15dPGJ2 of LPS-induced iNOS expression and subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO). Our findings strongly suggest that 15dPGJ2 exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through the Rac1-NADPH oxidase-ROS-p38 signaling to the up-regulation of HO-1 in an in vitro inflammation model.