Martensitic Phase Transformation of Isolated HfO₂, ZrO₂, and Hf_<i>x</i>Zr_{1 –}_<i>x</i>O₂ (0 &lt; <i>x</i> &lt; 1) Nanocrystals

Abstract

Abstract We previously reported that, during the reactions to make nanocrystals of HfO 2 and Hf‐rich Hf x Zr 1 – x O 2 , a tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation occurs that is accompanied by a shape change of the particles (faceted spherical to nanorods) when the temperature at which the reaction is conducted is changed from 340 to 400 °C. We now conclude that this concomitant phase and shape change is a result of the martensitic transformation of isolated nanocrystals in a hot liquid, where twinning plays a crucial role in accommodating the shape‐change‐induced strain. That such change was not observed during the reactions forming ZrO 2 and Zr‐rich Hf x Zr 1 – x O 2 nanocrystals is attributed to the higher driving force needed in those instances compared to that needed for producing HfO 2 and Hf‐rich Hf x Zr 1 – x O 2 nanocrystals. We also report here the post‐synthesis, heat‐induced phase transformation of Hf x Zr 1 – x O 2 (0 &lt; x &lt; 1) nanocrystals. As temperature increases, all the tetragonal nanocrystals transform to the monoclinic phase accompanied by an increase in particle size (as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy), which confirms that there is a critical size for the phase transformation to occur. When the monoclinic nanorods are heated above a certain temperature the grains grow considerably; under certain conditions a small amount of tetragonal phase appears.