X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene sheet of carbon nanofibers

Abstract

Metal impurities in the carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers play an important role in understanding their physical and chemical properties. We apply the Ni $K$-edge x-ray absorption fine structure analyses to the local electronic and geometric structures around embedded Ni impurities used as catalysts in a carbon nanofiber in combination with multiple scattering analyses. We find almost Ni catalysts as metal particles are removed by the purification treatment. Even after the purification, residual $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ppm}$ Ni species are still absorbed; most of them are in monomer structure with Ni-C bond length $1.83\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, and each of them is substituted for a carbon atom in a graphene sheet.