Intercostal Vessels and Nerves are at Risk for Injury During Supracostal Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy

Abstract

Intercostal vessels are at risk for damage during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in a significant number of patients. Access placement lateral to the paraspinous muscles and in the lower half of the 11th intercostal space may decrease damage to the intercostal artery and nerve. Injury to the intercostal vessels and nerve may explain the increased risk of bleeding and pain during supracostal percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. Minimizing injury may decrease blood loss and pain.