The Effect of Frequency Doubled Double Pulse Nd:YAG Laser Fiber Proximity to the Target Stone on Transient Cavitation and Acoustic Emission

Abstract

While bubble size was noted to increase with a larger stone-to-fiber distance using the holmium laser, to consistently generate cavitation bubbles and shock waves using the FREDDY laser the laser fiber should be operated within 3.0 mm of the target stone. These findings have significant implications during clinical laser stone fragmentation.