Marfes: Radiative condensation in tokamak edge plasma

Marfes are toroidally symmetric bands of high density radiating plasma that form at the edge of tokamak plasmas. The marfe results from a process of radiative condensation: A local increase in the plasma density increases the radiation rate and lowers the temperature, allowing the density to rise further to maintain pressure balance. It is demonstrated that the marfe onsets when the plasma density exceeds a critical threshold that is just below the density limit, in agreement with observations. This threshold results from a balance between condensation and cross-field thermal flux from the central hot plasma. Finally, it is noted that radiative condensation is also the driving mechanism of solar prominences and other astrophysical objects.