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Field substitution of nonresponders can maintain sample size and structure without altering survey estimates—the experience of the Italian behavioral risk factors surveillance system (PASSI)

Sampling TechniqueRisk AnalysisSurvey Estimates—the ExperienceSurvey (Human Research)Preventive MedicineManagementSample SizePublic HealthStatisticsSelection BiasSampling (Statistics)Multilevel ModelingField SubstitutionMarginal Structural ModelsEpidemiologyTime-varying ConfoundingMedicineSurvey MethodologyRisk Decisions