True knot of the umbilical cord: a difficult prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis

Abstract

We examined retrospectively the use of ultrasonography in 18 cases in which a true knot of the umbilical cord was found at delivery. All women had a normal second-trimester scan in which no cord abnormality was detected. Thirteen (72%) also had third-trimester color Doppler ultrasonography, at which time the cord anomaly was again missed. In one of these cases the diagnosis could have been made with color flow imaging, but the abnormal pattern was mistaken instead for multiple loops of cord. On the other hand, the diagnosis of true knot was considered prenatally in two cases, but not confirmed at delivery, when only a prominent false knot was found in one and a normal cord in the other. We conclude that true knots of the umbilical cord do not have a characteristic appearance in utero and therefore are easily missed at routine prenatal ultrasonography.