Direct Percutaneous Approach to the Upper Pole of the Kidney: MRI Anatomy with Assessment of the Visceral Risk

Abstract

A percutaneous puncture of the upper pole of the kidney above the 11th rib increases the risk of visceral damage. Preoperative evaluation, with the aid of CT scan or MRI, of the risk of pulmonary, splenic, or hepatic injury could be carried out in these cases.