Journal of Speech and Hearing Research · 1976 · 158 citations · 0 references
Language StudiesLinguisticsGenderPhoneticsPsychoacousticsAcoustic PhoneticsExperimental PhoneticsSpeech AcousticsSpeech IntelligibilityVocal ResonanceVoice PerceptionAcoustic Correlates Of ToneGender Perception From VoiceGendered VoiceLaryngeal AcousticsVocal AcousticsVoice QualityVoice Quality AnalysisVoice Quality Evaluation
The study compares how fundamental frequency and vocal tract resonances contribute to perceived maleness and femaleness in adult voices. The authors conducted two experiments: first comparing natural F0 and vocal tract resonances, and second substituting a laryngeal vibrator tone at simulated male (120 Hz) and female (240 Hz) F0s to assess sex identification. Experiment 1 showed F0 strongly predicts perceived sex while vocal tract resonances are weaker; in experiment 2, male F0 remained a strong cue but female F0 was a weak indicator when paired with male vocal tract resonances, suggesting fundamental differences in male and female glottal characteristics.
Comparisons were made between the contributions of the fundamental frequency (F 0 ) on one hand, and vocal tract resonances on the other, to a perception of maleness and femaleness in the adult voice. In the first of two experiments, the F 0 of natural voice was found to be very highly correlated with the degree of maleness and femalenesss in the voice. The vocal tract resonances were less highly correlated and it is apparent that in the presence of the natural laryngeal tone, these perceptions are based on the frequency of the F 0 . In the second experiment, a tone produced by a laryngeal vibrator was substituted for the normal glottal tone at simulated F 0 's representing both males (120 Hz) and females (240 Hz). When listeners were asked to identify the sex of the speakers some inconsistency with the findings of the first experiment was seen. The female F 0 was a weak indicator of female voice quality when combined with male vocal tract resonance although the male F 0 retained the perceptual prominence seen in the first experiment. This finding may be indicative of some basic difference in the normal glottal characteristics of males and females.