Serum After Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Proliferation and Supports Expression of Osteoblast Markers in Muscle Cells

Abstract

Human serum supports the osteoblastic differentiation of cells derived from human skeletal muscle, and serum from patients with severe traumatic brain injury accelerates proliferation of these cells. These findings suggest the early presence of humoral factors following traumatic brain injury that stimulate the expansion of mesenchymal cells and osteoprogenitors within skeletal muscle.