A Road Map to the Internal Carotid Artery in Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Ventral Cranial Base

Abstract

The proposed endoscopic classification outlines key anatomic reference points independent of the vessel's geometry or the sinonasal pneumatization, thus serving as (1) a practical guide to navigate the ventral cranial base while avoiding injury to the ICA and (2) further foundation for a modular access system.