The localization of strain and c-axis evolution in anisotropic ice

Abstract

Abstract Using a series of combined compression–simple-shear experiments, it has been possible to investigate strain distributions and crystal-orientation fabrics related to varying layer orientation in ice. A variety of flattening strains accompanied by layer buckling, simple shear and the development of a lenticular layering are produced in anisotropic ice masses. In samples where the creep curve has only just reached a minimum strain rate, the c -axis preferred orientation is similar to that in the starting material, with specific c -axis concentrations affected by the extent of preserved host grains. At shear strains where γ ≤ 1, it was found that the c -axis preferred orientations were highly variable depending on the magnitude of strain, strain distribution and upon the modification and degree of rotation of initial c -axis preferred orientation. However, once recrystallization dominates in high-strain zones ( γ ≥ 1), there is a rapid development of an asymmetric two-maxima fabric with little evidence of any contributions from inherited fabric elements. The final c -axis pattern is asymmetric with respect to the direction of shortening, with a strong maximum at ∼80° to the shear zone, with a sense of asymmetry in the direction of the shear, and a secondary maximum lying at ∼50° to the plane of shearing.