The semi-automated classification of acoustic imagery for characterizing coral reef ecosystems

Abstract

Abstract Coral reef habitat maps describe the spatial distribution and abundance of tropical marine resources, making them essential for ecosystem-based approaches to planning and management. Typically, these habitat maps have been created from optical and acoustic remotely sensed imagery using manual, pixel- and object-based classification methods. However, past studies have shown that none of these classification methods alone are optimal for characterizing coral reef habitats for multiple management applications because the maps they produce (1) are not synoptic, (2) are time consuming to develop, (3) have low thematic resolutions (i.e. number of classes), or (4) have low overall thematic accuracies. To address these deficiencies, a novel, semi-automated object- and pixel-based technique was applied to multibeam echo sounder imagery to determine its utility for characterizing coral reef ecosystems. This study is not a direct comparison of these different methods but rather, a first attempt at applying a new classification technique to acoustic imagery. This technique used a combination of principal components analysis, edge-based segmentation, and Quick, Unbiased, and Efficient Statistical Trees (QUEST) to successfully partition the acoustic imagery into 35 distinct combinations of (1) major and (2) detailed geomorphological structure, (3) major and (4) detailed biological cover, and (5) live coral cover types. Thematic accuracies for these classes (corrected for proportional bias) were as follows: (1) 95.7%, (2) 88.7%, (3) 95.0%, (4) 74.0%, and (5) 88.3%, respectively. Approximately half of the habitat polygons were manually edited (hence the name 'semi-automated') due to a combination of mis-classifications by QUEST and noise in the acoustic data. While this method did not generate a map that was entirely reproducible, it does show promise for increasing the amount of automation with which thematically accurate benthic habitat maps can be generated from acoustic imagery. Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program. This study would not have been possible without the numerous people who shared their data, information, and time throughout this process. We appreciate the support of US National Park Service staff, the crew and officers on board the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) ship Nancy Foster, as well as many scientists at the NOAA's National Undersea Research Program, and National Marine Fisheries Service. Also, many thanks to Randy Clark for helping to collect GV and validation data in the field, to Laurie Bauer for conducting the accuracy assessment, and to Larry Mayer, Andrew Armstrong, Roger Parsons, Matthew Kendall, Charles Menza, and the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.