Joint distributions, quantum correlations, and commuting observables

Abstract

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for several observables to have a joint distribution. When applied to the bivalent observables of a quantum correlation experiment, we show that these conditions are equivalent to the Bell inequalities, and also to the existence of deterministic hidden variables. We connect the no-hidden-variables theorem of Kochen and Specker to these conditions for joint distributions. We conclude with a new theorem linking joint distributions and commuting observables, and show how violations of the Bell inequalities correspond to violations of commutativity, as in the theorem.