Vertical and Horizontal VLF Fields Excited by Dipoles of Arbitrary Orientation and Elevation

Abstract

Vertical and horizontal electric field mode sums are calculated for vertical, horizontal, and inclined point dipole radiators beneath a nighttime ionosphere for propagation to the east and to the west. The results indicate that in most circumstances the largest signal levels are obtained by recording the vertical electric field produced by a vertical antenna; however, there are circumstances in which horizontal dipoles for transmitting and/or receiving can be used to advantage.