Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome Revealed Increased Neurohormonal Activity, Tubular and Myocardial Damage Compared to Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Renal Function

Abstract

In CRS patients, renal tubular damage and neurohormonal and cardiac injury activation are increased compared to patients without RI. The current biomarker pattern could be used for an early diagnosis of RI in acute and chronic HF.