Standard Lyndon bases of Lie algebras and enveloping algebras

Abstract

It is well known that the standard bracketings of Lyndon words in an alphabet <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> form a basis for the free Lie algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="Lie left-parenthesis upper A right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>Lie</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\text {Lie}}(A)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> generated by <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Suppose that <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German g approximately-equals Lie left-parenthesis upper A right-parenthesis slash upper J"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo> ≅ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>Lie</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>J</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak {g} \cong {\text {Lie}}(A)/J</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a Lie algebra given by a generating set <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and a Lie ideal <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper J"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>J</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">J</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of relations. Using a Gröbner basis type approach we define a set of "standard" Lyndon words, a subset of the set Lyndon words, such that the standard bracketings of these words form a basis of the Lie algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German g"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak {g}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . We show that a similar approach to the universal enveloping algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German g"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak {g}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> naturally leads to a Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt type basis of the enveloping algebra of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="German g"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak {g}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . We prove that the standard words satisfy the property that any factor of a standard word is again standard. Given root tables, this property is nearly sufficient to determine the standard Lyndon words for the complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras. We give an inductive procedure for computing the standard Lyndon words and give a complete list of the standard Lyndon words for the complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras. These results were announced in [LR].