Energy Balance and Emissions Associated with Biochar Sequestration and Pyrolysis Bioenergy Production

TLDR

The study assessed how optimizing slow pyrolysis for both biochar and energy production affects greenhouse gas emissions. Using a life‑cycle approach, the authors modeled scenarios with purpose‑grown bioenergy crops (miscanthus, switchgrass, corn) and crop wastes (corn stover, wheat straw) to evaluate biochar and energy outputs. The analysis found that applying biochar to land reduces emissions 2–5 times more than using it solely for energy, with 41–64 % of the benefit from carbon retention, and that low‑temperature slow pyrolysis yields higher energy efficiency and lower CO₂ emissions per MWh than fossil fuels.

Abstract

The implications for greenhouse gas emissions of optimizing a slow pyrolysis-based bioenergy system for biochar and energy production rather than solely for energy production were assessed. Scenarios for feedstock production were examined using a life-cycle approach. We considered both purpose grown bioenergy crops (BEC) and the use of crop wastes (CW) as feedstocks. The BEC scenarios involved a change from growing winter wheat to purpose grown miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn as bioenergy crops. The CW scenarios consider both corn stover and winter wheat straw as feedstocks. Our findings show that the avoided emissions are between 2 and 5 times greater when biochar is applied to agricultural land (2–19 Mg CO2 ha−1 y−1) than used solely for fossil energy off-sets. 41–64% of these emission reductions are related to the retention of C in biochar, the rest to offsetting fossil fuel use for energy, fertilizer savings, and avoided soil emissions other than CO2. Despite a reduction in energy output of approximately 30% where the slow pyrolysis technology is optimized to produce biochar for land application, the energy produced per unit energy input at 2–7 MJ/MJ is greater than that of comparable technologies such as ethanol from corn. The C emissions per MWh of electricity production range from 91–360 kg CO2 MWh−1, before accounting for C offset due to the use of biochar are considerably below the lifecycle emissions associated with fossil fuel use for electricity generation (600–900 kg CO2 MWh−1). Low-temperature slow pyrolysis offers an energetically efficient strategy for bioenergy production, and the land application of biochar reduces greenhouse emissions to a greater extent than when the biochar is used to offset fossil fuel emissions.