Science · 1999 · 408 citations · 22 references
EngineeringAreal ExtentOceanographyPerennial Ice PackEarth ScienceGeophysicsArctic ScienceOcean StratificationClimate ChangeMeteorologyMarine GeologyGlaciologyGeographySea IceCryosphereIce LoadArctic OceanographySatellite EvidenceClimatologyArctic StructureRemote SensingIce-structure InteractionPeriglacial Process
Recent research using microwave satellite remote sensing data has established that there has been a reduction of about 3 percent per decade in the areal extent of the Arctic sea ice cover since 1978, although it is unknown whether the nature of the perennial ice pack has changed. These data were used to quantify changes in the ice cover's composition, revealing a substantial reduction of about 14 percent in the area of multiyear ice in winter during the period from 1978 to 1998. There also appears to be a strong correlation between the area of multiyear ice and the spatially averaged thickness of the perennial ice pack, which suggests that the satellite-derived areal decreases represent substantial rather than only peripheral changes. If this apparent transformation continues, it may lead to a markedly different ice regime in the Arctic, altering heat and mass exchanges as well as ocean stratification.
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Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols
J. F. B. Mitchell, T. C. Johns, Jonathan M. Gregory et al. · Nature · 1995 · 755 citations
Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Global Sea Ice Changes
D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, Claire L. Parkinson et al. · Science · 1997 · 380 citations