First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes

Abstract

Water temperatures vary from 12 to > 32C Superimposed on these extreme environmental conditions are a series of unique environmental pressures. Oil-related pollution inputs to the Gulf, especially the northern Gulf, are immense. Pre-Gulf War inputs alone are estimated to have been 47 times that of the remaining total estimated global oil pollution In the northern Gulf, major point-source pollutant inputs include sewage outfalls from Kuwait City and outfalls associated with industrial, desalina-