C–H Bond Activation by Cationic Iridium(III) NHC Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

Abstract

The cationic complexes [Cp*Ir(NHC)Me(solv)] + [MeB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] − were prepared and studied as models for methane oxy-functionalization catalysts (Cp* = η 5 -C 5 Me 5; NHC = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (MeI Me, 3a ), 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (I Me, 3b ), 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene (BI Me, 3c ); solv = solvent or open site). These complexes were targeted on the basis of the C–H bond activation reactions of the previously reported complexes [Cp*Ir(PMe 3 )R] + (R = Me, H) and the general robustness of Ir–NHC complexes under oxidizing conditions. The syntheses of the new iridium(III) complexes Cp*Ir(NHC)Me 2 are described (NHC = MeI Me ( 4a ), I Me ( 4b ), BI Me ( 4c )). When 4a – c were allowed to react with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 in CH 2 Cl 2, the methyl abstraction products [Cp*Ir(NHC)Me(solv)] + [MeB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] — ( 3a – c ) were produced. Complexes 3a – c reacted with arenes to form the aryl complexes [Cp*Ir(NHC)Ar(solv)] + [MeB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] — and methane (Ar = C 6 H 5 ( 7 ), C 6 H 4 F ( 8 )). Complexes 3a – c reacted very slowly with alkanes; the slow reaction rate is attributed to steric congestion due to the NHC ligand. DFT calculations support this hypothesis: the barriers to C–H activation are in qualitative agreement with the empirical reaction rates, and the C–H activation transition state structures show significant steric crowding. Several of these complexes have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction.