Impact of Sleep and Breathing in Infancy on Outcomes at Three Years of Age for Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate

Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in early infancy and outcomes at 3 years of age in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). DESIGN: Observational follow-up study. SETTING: Multidisciplinary CL/P clinic, tertiary centre. PARTICIPANTS: Children with CL/P who participated in a study of sleep and breathing in infancy. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The families of 52 children were approached for this follow-up study. The children underwent neurocognitive (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition; BSID-III), quality of life (Infant/Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire; ITQOL), and growth assessments at 3 years. The families of 33 children (66%) completed follow-up at 36.7 ± 1.4 months. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in infancy was 23.9 ± 18.0 events/h. Mean group BSID-III scores fell within the standardized normal range (10 ± 3) for all domains; however, language scores were lower than control children. Quality of life scores and growth parameter z-scores were similar to published control data. PSG variables in infancy showed significant relationships with outcomes at 3 years of age; lower percentage of AS/REM sleep was associated with lower cognition score; more obstructive events were associated with lower global behavior ITQOL score; and higher number of respiratory events in infancy was associated with lower weight z-score. CONCLUSION: Neurocognition, quality of life, and growth measures from children with CL/P fall within a normal range; however, scores in the language domain are lower than controls. Sleep and respiratory elements of SDB in infancy appear to modify these outcomes at 3 years of age.