Hyperinsulinemia Stimulates Angiogenesis of Human Fetoplacental Endothelial Cells: A Possible Role of Insulin in Placental Hypervascularization in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Elevated fetal insulin levels may contribute to the placental hypervascularization in diabetes via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway and involve Rac1. However, insulin does not stimulate proliferation and may need to cooperate with other growth factors.